The Legend of the Fifth Sun

The Legend of the Fifth Sun The Aztec creation fantasy which depicts how the world started is known as the Legend of the Fifth Sun. A few distinct renditions of this fantasy exist on the grounds that the tales were initially passed somewhere near oral convention, and furthermore in light of the fact that the Aztecs received and changed divine beings and legends from different clans that they met and won. As indicated by the Aztec creation legend, the universe of the Aztecs at the hour of the Spanish colonization was the fifth period of a pattern of creation and decimation. They accepted their reality had been made and decimated multiple times previously. During every one of the four past cycles, various divine beings initially administered the earth through a prevailing component and afterward crushed it. These universes were called suns. During the sixteenth century-and the period wherein we despite everything live today-the Aztecs accepted that they were living in the fifth sun, and it would likewise end in savagery toward the finish of the calendrical cycle. In the Beginning To start with, as per Aztec folklore, the maker couple Tonacacihuatl and Tonacateuctli (otherwise called the god Ometeotl, who was both male and female) brought forth four children, the Tezcatlipocas of the East, North, South, and West. Following 600 years, the children started to make the universe, including the production of enormous time, called suns. These divine beings in the end made the world and the various gods. After the world was made, the divine beings offered light to people, however to do this, one of the divine beings needed to forfeit himself by jumping into a fire. Each resulting sun was made by the a disregard for one's own needs of in any event one of the divine beings, and a key component of the story, similar to that of all Aztec culture, is that penance is required to start reestablishment. Four Cycles The main god to forfeit himself was Tezcatlipoca, who jumped into the fire and began the First Sun, called 4 Tiger. This period was possessed by mammoths who ate just oak seeds, and it reached a conclusion when the monsters were eaten up by pumas. The world kept going 676 years, or 13 52-year cycles as per the dish Mesoamerican calendar.The Second Sun, or 4-Wind sun, was administered by Quetzalcoatl (otherwise called the White Tezcatlipoca), and the earth was populated by people who ate just piã ±on nuts. Tezcatlipoca needed to be Sun, and transformed himself into a tiger and lost Quetzalcoatl his seat. This world reached a conclusion through disastrous typhoons and floods. The couple of survivors fled to the highest point of the trees and were changed into monkeys. This world likewise kept going 676 years.The Third Sun, or 4-Rain Sun, was ruled by water: its decision god was the downpour god Tlaloc and its kin ate seeds that developed in the water. This world reached a conclusion w hen the god Quetzalcoatl made it downpour fire and remains. The survivors became turkeys, butterflies or pooches. Turkeys are called pipil-pipil in the Aztec language, which means youngster or ruler. This world finished in 7 cycles or 364 years. The Fourth Sun, the 4-Water sun, was represented by the goddess Chalchiuthlicue, sister and spouse of Tlaloc. The individuals ate maize. An incredible flood denoted the finish of this world, and all the individuals were changed into fish. The 4 Water Sun went on for a long time. Making the Fifth Sun Toward the finish of the fourth sun, the divine beings assembled at Teotihuacan to choose who needed to forfeit him/herself for the new world to start. The god Huehuetã ©otl, the old fire god, began a conciliatory blaze, however none of the most significant divine beings needed to bounce into the flares. The rich and glad god Tecuciztecatl Lord of the Snails dithered and during that wavering, the unassuming and poor Nanahuatzin the Pimply or Scabby One jumped into the flares and turned into the new sun. Tecuciztecatl bounced in after him and turned into a subsequent sun. The divine beings understood that two suns would overpower the world, so they tossed a bunny at Tecuciztecal, and it turned into the moon-that is the reason you can in any case observe the hare in the moon today. The two divine bodies were gotten under way by Ehecatl, the lord of the breeze, who savagely and fiercely blew the sun into movement. The Fifth Sun The Fifth Sun (called 4-Movement) is controlled by Tonatiuh, the sun god. This fifth sun is portrayed by the sign Ollin, which implies development. As per Aztec convictions, this demonstrated this world would reach a conclusion through seismic tremors, and all the individuals will be eaten by sky beasts. The Aztecs viewed themselves as â€Å"the People of the Sun† and along these lines their obligation was to sustain the Sun god through blood contributions and penances. Inability to do this would cause the finish of their reality and the vanishing of the sun from the sky. A form of this legend is recorded on the acclaimed Aztec Calendar Stone, an enormous stone figure whose pictures alluded to one rendition of this creation story connected to Aztec history. The New Fire Ceremony Toward the finish of each 52-year cycle, the Aztec ministers completed the New Fire service, or official of the years. The legend of the Five Suns anticipated the finish of a schedule cycle, however it was not realized which cycle would be the last one. The Aztec individuals would clean their homes, disposing of all family unit icons, cooking pots, garments, and tangles. During the most recent five days, fires were stifled, and the individuals hopped on their rooftops to anticipate the destiny of the world. On the most recent day of the schedule cycle, the ministers would ascend the Star Mountain, today referred to in Spanish as Cerro de la Estrella, and watch the ascent of the Pleiades to guarantee it followed its ordinary way. A fire drill was put on the core of a conciliatory casualty: if the fire couldn't be lit, the fantasy stated, the sun would be wrecked until the end of time. The fruitful fire was then brought to Tenochtitlan to relight hearths all through the city. As per the Spanish writer Bernardo Sahagun, the New Fire function was led at regular intervals in towns all through the Aztec world. Refreshed by K. Kris Hirst Sources: Adams REW. 1991. Ancient Mesoamerica. Third Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Read KA. 1986. The Fleeting Moment: Cosmogony, Eschatology, and Ethics in Aztec Religion and Society. The Journal of Religious Ethics 14(1):113-138.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Taube KA. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives. Santa Clause Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Analyze iPhone in the context of broader Corporate Design concept Essay - 1

Examine iPhone with regards to more extensive Corporate Design idea - Essay Example The rule point of Augustine was to build up a diocese supervisor in the territory of London yet this couldn’t happen in light of the fact that around then London was following agnosticism. Because of this they pick the capital of the realm of Kent to situate the ecclesiastical overseer. The congregation of the Romans just as the Celtic had contrasts in supposition and were very extraordinary, the association of the Celtic Church was ineffectively sorted out and then again the Celtic Church was very control and composed. These two holy places even didn't concur on the day on which they used to observe Easter, in this way they used to commend the occasion independently on isolated days. Later during the time of 664 both held gatherings together at Synod to settle their disparities and in this gathering the Roman Church stood successful (Bracher 107). The congregation assumed a significant job in the Anglo-Saxon society and was the main not that keep various realms of the Anglo Saxons attached to one another. The religious communities made in the early period turned into the main accessible learning territories yet later they were threatened by the Vikings during the time of the ninth Century. The most prestigious researcher of the period the Anglo-Saxons was priest Bede who spent his significant segment of life at a religious community situated in Northumbria (Foot 23). Another acclaimed bit of workmanship and religion of that time was the book of scriptures which was shown at the religious community of Lindisfarne. During that period, the main sort of instruction accessible to the normal man originated from the congregation. During this period a few works written in Latin language were converted into English and schools were being made inside houses of worship. A significant job was played by the individuals who held most elevated situations in the congregation; they took interest in legislative issues and used to deal with the congregation and the property of the congregation, and even gave counsel to lords on different subjects. Religious communities filled the role of spreading Christianity and the expression of gospel on their

The Death Of A Drunk Car Accident Essay Example For Students

The Death Of A Drunk Car Accident Essay Xitclalli Vasquez, Sean Carter, Jacqueline Saburido, and Aaron Pennywell, are only four of the thousands who have been engaged with a tanked driving mishap here in Texas. Out of the four, Aaron Pennywell was the just one to bite the dust at the area of the accident. Presently in light of the fact that Saburido, Carter and Vasquez didn’t pass on in their mishaps doesn't imply that they didn't endure. Vasquez arrived in a wheelchair, incapacitated starting from the breast only three days before her birthday. Carter, who had been drinking and chosen not to drive rather had a companion drive who had additionally been drinking, endured mind wounds that left him safe intellectually yet truly not, at this point ready to talk or stroll, truly a PC represents him and he even alludes to himself as his very own detainee body. We will compose a custom article on The Death Of A Drunk Car Accident explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Saburido was hit simply up the interstate in Austin, Texas by a secondary school senior who was flushed. She endured severe singeing on 60% of her body. Texas drives the country in alcoholic driving passings with 1,213 individuals fatalities in 2011. Sean Carter’s story is critical to this paper. As I said he chose not to drive since he was inebriated yet his companion who was likewise inebriated did. Driving drunk is an immense issue in America however could be forestalled by having an assigned driver. The serious issue is that there are relatively few individuals who consider utilizing of an assigned driver, yet with two straightforward arrangements, for example, giving greater ad advancements and making it obligatory to have an assigned driver, this issue could be settled making the world a more secure place. The serious issue with alcoholic driving is that it is one of the main sources of death and injury on our roadways. Expressed in an article by the National Highway Traffic Safety Adminis. . little as well however this isn't simply to secure everybody one else yet the individual who is inebriated also. On the off chance that this is the thing that kills a colossal number of alcoholic drivers from entering the street than this arrangement will be carried on. Driving drunk mishaps could be forestalled by the utilization of assigned drivers. Be that as it may, a difficult today is numerous individuals are neglecting to utilize this asset because of absence of recognition. By utilizing two basic arrangements, for example, giving greater notice advancements and making it compulsory to have an assigned driver, numerous individuals won't disregard this asset and its significance. We should keep on making this world a more secure spot for our own and our children’s future. We should do this with extra special care. So why not start with settling one issue that has come about in such a large number of fatalities. After everything you could spare an actual existence in the event that you don’t drive under the influence.

The Effect Of Different Flyers Psychology Research - 1650 Words

The Effect Of Different Flyers Psychology Research (Research Paper Sample) Content: Two Flyers Design with the Title Earn Up and the Other Turn UpNameInstitutionDateAnnotated BibliographyCristina Ziliani Marco Leva, (2015) "Retail shopper marketing: the future of promotional flyers," Journal of Distribution Retail , Vol. 43 Iss: 6, pp.488 502The book explains the recent evolution of flyers and describes how tools of traditional marketing are applied to generate insight to customers. Cristina and Marco (2015) find out that some changes are taking course in flyer based promotions due to fertilization of loyalty data. Retailers are using metrics as a way of improving negotiations with stake holders. As the authors endeavor to support an innovative shopper markets approach, three themes come out clearly, and they are one, the revolution of flyers which the customer incorporation insight drives and brings about flyer digitalization. Two, an increase in the number of online aggregators of flyers, and three the evolution of flyer management processes. Th e research points out four areas for future researchers to explore, and they are electronic intermediaries, competition, marketing organization, and promotion innovation.Shiller, R. J. (2013). Financial capitalism innovation. Financial Analysts Journal, 69(1).Robert Shiller discusses his opinion on capitalism in the CFA Institute where the Financial Analysts Seminar took place in Chicago. Shiller, a finance professor at Yale University, argues that for one to enjoy success and achieve society goals, he or she should update capitalism constantly. Financiers are contributing towards attaining capitalism through some recent innovations that include crowd funding, benefit corporations, and social impact bond.Garcia, M. J. R. (2013). Financial behavioral and education finance: new insights into the role of information in financial decisions. Journal of Economic Surveys, 27(2), 297-315.According to Garcia's research, recent evidence on experimental activities and surveys offers economist s some new insights on how people use information to make financial decisions in financial education and behavioral finance fields. Psychological aspects of an individual at times eliminate or reduce the significance of information in making financial decisions like individual overconfidence, or an individuals failure to process abundant or complex information.Jensen, B. B., Orquin, J., Bech-Larsen, T. (2014). Distinguishing passive recipients from active decliners of flyers?. Journal of Retailing and Consuming , 21(1), 1-8.As much as sales are increasing due to flyer advertisements, scores of customers decline to receive the flyers while others dispose them after a quick scan. Jensen, Orquin, Bech-Larsen examine behavioral and attitudinal factors differentiating active and passive recipients of flyers. The outcome is that decliners are less conscious when it comes to price, so most of them consider flyers less useful and more convenient. Decliners mostly use other forms of media less to search deals as compared to receivers and are inclined to searching grocery deals on internet platforms. Retailers must focus on using the internet to advertise because addressing the lack of use and inconvenience of flyers may prove a hard nut to crack.Martnez-Lpez, F. J., Barrales-Molina, V. Gzquez-Abad, J. C., (2014). Profiling the flyer-prone consumer. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(6), 966-975.Martinez, Barrales-Molina Gazquez, (2014) predict the likelihood of less prone consumers and highly prone ones to retain flyers in terms of demographic, economic, and shopping-related variables. The empirical findings indicate that including price discounts support is not necessarily important if a retailer or manufacturer intends to elevate the probability of a customer storing the flyer. However, the reliability of flyers depends on the consumers perception of its importance.Kashyap, A. K. Diamond, D. W., (2016). Liquidity choice, requirement, and financial st ability (No. w22053). National Economic Research.In the study, Kashyap and Diamond discuss how people are inclined to spend a lot of money to enjoy today without preparing for the future. One in every ten people would rather live in the moment, while more than five out of ten people treat themselves without planning for it. Most people think about short term happiness and disregard the consequences that may come later on in life. Even when people save, they do not save with an intention of investing, but they save so that they can visit extravagant places during the holidays or attend famed events.AbstractThis research finds out why people are more inclined to have fun rather than have financial stability, and the research topic is Two flyers design with the title EARN UP and the other TURN UP.' The research intends to find out how many people would respond to the flyer with the title EARN UP as compared to the one titled TURN UP. In the research, the youth of between eighteen and t hirty-five years are going to be the participants because in most cases they are the targets of financial seminars. The results determine that two hundred people call in response to the TURN UP seminar while only twenty-five people call in the reaction to the EARN UP seminar. According to the research, it is evident that many of the participants do not read the entire flyer and so they called to find out about the TURN UP not knowing it was a finance seminar. Since many prefer enjoying the moment while it lasts, they forget to invest so that they do not need to worry about the inability of taking care of their expenses. Many of the participants do not understand the need to save for future financial goals as well as emergencies. In conclusion, most people are interested in merry making as opposed to working hard for financial security.MethodsThe first method used is the observation of the participants given the Flyers where the immediate reaction of all participants was noted.The se cond method is waiting for feedback from all who got the Flyers regardless of thee title.ParticipantsThe participants in the study are a number of youth aged from eighteen to thirty-five years. The research dubbed Two flyers design with the title EARN UP and the other TURN UP' uses people in this age because they are the targets of EARN UP and TURN UP seminars, as well as many other financial seminars held in our daily lives. Another reason why the youth is used as the participants is that they understand the words TURN UP, hence it quickly draws their attention to the flyer. Using an elderly group as the subject of the research may not aid in producing the desired results.

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde - 1186 Words

Split Reality Writers of the Victorian age took an interest in psychology, particularly regarding the dual nature most people exercise. Sometimes Victorian writers use their stories of self-discovery and individuality to provoke new views of social norms. Three authors stick out as the pioneers of dualism: Robert Louis Stevenson, Oscar Wilde and Charlotte Brontë. Stevenson wrote a story to tell his audience that having a secondary life strictly for pleasure can destroy both of your lives. Wilde disagreed with Stevenson and believed that the second persona can be safe, and not affect anyone else. Brontë used her story to shed light on the secret desires of women by producing characters with dual identities. These dual identity characters consisted of a personality embodying how women want to act, and the other one represented how women were expected to act. In principle, all of these authors agreed on the basic concepts of dualism, however, they all had separate ideas of their effects. Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, depicts the constant struggle between virtue and desire with a man by the name of Dr. Jekyll, and his counterpart, Mr. Hyde. The story of these two sides of the same coin shed light on the internal battle between right and wrong. While Dr. Jekyll represents the acceptable, lighter side of humanity, Hyde portrays the selfish side with no concern for any consequence of his actions. Dr. Jekyll is the crà ¨me of the cropShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelgan ger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards t he end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of this broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wronglyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Personas of Henry Jekyll Every person is born with bright and dark personas that people moderate due to the standards of society. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Jekyll and Hyde battle for the power to stay alive in the story. As Jekyll continues to try and take over his evil persona, Hyde tries to stay alive and cause evil in the world. In our society, many people will struggle with self control and Dr. Jekyll has trouble controlling his alter ego by performing his evil pleasuresRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1326 Words   |  6 Pages The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published during the late Victorian era, but he clearly brings into question the acceptance of Victorian philosophies, especially the belief that one truth exists and that we can identify good and evil as separate entities. The names Jekyll and Hyde have become synonymous with multiple personality disorder. This novel can be examined from the natural dualism and Freud’s structural th eory of the mind. In The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr

Nonverbal Communication Excercise Essay - 700 Words

What is it about human behavior that intrigue or influence us? I am going to share with you a nonverbal exercise I engaged in to determine how my nonverbal communication could, or possibly have, effected how I am perceived by others. For this self evaluated exercise I carefully choose two people, my sister Laura, who I am very close to and Wally, a colleague who I feel comfortable with. Laura’s observation took place in her home and lasted approximately thirty minutes; Wally on the other hand, took place at work and lasted approximately fifteen minutes. I began the first exercise with Laura who was providing me with details of a family function that was to take place in the near future. I felt relaxed and comfortable when†¦show more content†¦I spontaneously got up to help myself to another cup of coffee leaving her talking to me from a distance which required her to raise her voice so I could hear what she was saying. I realized at that moment, how inappropriate my behavior was when interacting with my sister. I was disappointed in myself for not extending the same courtesy as I would another individual who I may not be as close to. My second self evaluation took place at work with a colleague named Wally. I was standing in the hallway when Wally approached wanting to explain a new filing system being implemented. I showed interest in what Wally had to say and stopped to listen. During our conversation, I observed my eye contact was consistent, my posture was erect and I was very attentive. My head was bobbing acknowledging her every word. It was important to me that Wally knew she had my undivided attention while communicating with me. The phone rang just as she was finished her explanation of our filing system. I thanked her for sharing the updated information and politely excused myself to answer the phone. I felt confident about the way I used my nonverbal communication skills and I felt I gave her the respect she deserved. Dur ing both of the above mentioned self evaluated exercises, I recognized strengths and weaknesses about my nonverbal behavior. I compared the same skills used in both situations and realized how differently I applied them to

The Long-Term Impact of the Black Death on the Medieval Agriculture free essay sample

As one of the most severe plagues in human history, the Black Death was unprecedented in two ways: on one hand, it was undoubtedly a terrible nightmare, which swept the entire Europe and killed so many people; however, on the other hand, it was also a unique event that accelerated the process of European agricultural history. In years before the Black Death, the European agriculture was already in trouble. Agriculture has long been the foundation of economy and society, especially during the time as early as in the Middle Ages. As the foundation of agriculture, corn production was the most important agricultural activity at the time. However, corn production faced several problems, which severely cumbered the development of agriculture. We will write a custom essay sample on The Long-Term Impact of the Black Death on the Medieval Agriculture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The shortage of livestock was one of the obstacles, which led to both a lack of manure and low efficiency in culturing. Other reasons such as over-cultivation and lack of water conservancy facilities also encumbered the development of agriculture. At the same time, population was growing rapidly. Although the estimations of the growth rate were not exactly the same, there was a consensus among historians that the gross population in Europe almost doubled between 11th and 14th century. In year 1000 and year 1300, the population in France was 5 million and 15 million respectively; it was 3 million and 12 million in Germany respectively; in Italy the population was 5 million and 10 million respectively; and in the British Isles, it was 2 and 5 million. (1) A problem with a rapid population growth is that the population may gradually outgrow agriculture production. The poor balance between the rapid growing population and relatively slow growing agriculture once collapses, there would certainly be a severe disaster. As some historians pointed out, â€Å"output continued to rise but not as quickly as populations. High famine- and disease-related mortality led to demographic collapse and the circle started again. † (2) Though this was probably not the main reason of the eruption of the Black Death, the unbalance of population and productivity did contribute to the severity of the plague. The Black Death led first to short-term impacts. The most severe and direct impact of the Black Death to the European society was its threat and damage to the population. The epidemic was unrelenting at that time, as it carried with it a high mortality and the ability to infect fast, and joint with the undeveloped medicine system in the Middle Ages. The Black Death first attacked the area of Mediterranean, and the area along the Atlantic Ocean, where the trade centers and crowed harbors were. Then it marched all the way into the inland, virus carried by people and rats both through waterways and in-land traffic. In urban areas, the plague was especially menacing, since a higher population ensity offered the virus more opportunities to spread through contact between people. What’s more, the poor condition of public health facilities contributed to the severity of the plague. It is hard to assert an exact average mortality rate caused by the Black Death, because the severity of the plague varied in different parts of Europe and it also differed in urban and rural areas. There were places highly struck by the epidemic with mortality rates higher than 50%, such as the eastern area in England; and there were also places, such as the region of Bohemia, with a relatively low mortality rate of under 15%. There is another problem with the available statistics however, as most of these statistics only record the death of people who had a stable income and could afford tax or rent. This meant that the lower class of poor workers and peasants were not covered by most of the records. Thus we can only draw an estimated conclusion that, in general, the average mortality in Europe during the Black Death was between 30~50% (3). The Black Death also had another short-term impact, as it deeply damaged the agriculture in many ways. The first and most direct impact was that it led to a serious shortage of agricultural labor. Human labor was one of the most important elements in agriculture, especially in the Middle Ages, when agricultural technique and devices hadn’t been well developed. The high mortality and the lasting depopulation during the Black Death â€Å"led to an acute shortage of labor in the countryside† (4) thus impairing the productivity. The depopulation was accompanied by a reduction of output. In Leicester in England, there was severe shortage of servants and laborers, and â€Å"many crops rotted unharvested in the fields† (5). In the village of Elkington in Northamptonshire, the number of taxpayers seems to have decreased due to epopulation during the period between 1377 and 1412(6); and â€Å"by the first decade of the fifteenth century, grain production levels between the Tyne and Tees appear to have been less than one-third their level of a century earlier. Other parts in Europe suffered just as much. In Spain, depopulated villages and rising wages suggested that the area cultivated with cereals and vines fell in the aftermath of the Black Death; in the area around Cambrai in France, grain productivity fell up to 50 percent between 1320 to 1370 and witnessed a further drop of 25 percent by the mid fifteen century. 8) The Black Death added to the misery of the human society in Medieval Europe, which had already suffered great losses during the Great Famine. â€Å"Just over thirty years later (after the great famine), the Black Death swept through Europe, leaving few areas untouched, and was accompanied by a collapse in output levels. †(9) The Black Death disturbed the normal operation of the economy, as it was accompanied by an agricultural crisis. It seemed that the Black Death was an evil disaster which made the entire continent into a hell. But actually it was not the complete story. In addition to the immediate influences of depopulation and agricultural recession, the Black Death caused some deeper and long-term effects: it accelerated the decline of the serfdom and manorial system and thus, to some extent, altered the course of the European economy. As mentioned before, the Black Death caused a high mortality rate of approximately 30%~50%. With less labor, land lords had no choice but to reduce the rent in order to keep the peasants on their lands. As a result, the wages of those peasants increased. After the Black Death, the lucky survived peasants couldn’t bear the same burden as before the plague, and since labor turned out to be a scarce resource after the Black Death, the peasants had advantages when negotiating. Because of this, peasants started to demand more benefits for themselves. Though â€Å"this rising aspirations of workers prompted a variety of public and private strategies on the part of the employing classes to control them more tightly† , and some efforts were taken to control wages, but as â€Å" Landlords had no incentive to maintain a landless class simply for the sake of keeping wages low. They could not individually influence the prevailing wage rate, but they could improve their incomes by taking new tenants onto their land†, so they finally â€Å"negotiated wages upwards† â€Å"to get the labor they needed. † (10) At the same time, the mobility of serfs greatly increased and some peasants were able to flee from one manor to another. The main condition which made this mobility possible was the fact that labor was so scarce that serfs were usually welcomed by the manors they moved to. â€Å"Sturdy young men and women, hard workers, at a time that labor was scarce, could leave home and find employment elsewhere, no questions asked. While if lords didn’t allow their freedom, they could say that â€Å"they were determined to go and live somewhere else where they could be free—they and their descendants. † (12) And some of the serfs, though not many, even tried to migrate to towns where serfs were free, with the restriction that only if they managed to survive in the town for more than one year, could they be granted freedom. After the Black Death, the serfdom and manorial system were about to collapse, but this system had already begun to decline as early as the 13th century. Part of the cause of the decline was a change in the economic environment. Before the Black Death, as the economy grew, many of the areas in Europe began to commercialize. The original type of labor rents began to fail and there was instead an emergence of money rents. For example, in Cambridgeshire, the percentage relation of the money rent of free tenants, the money rent of villein, and labor rent was 32-28-40 per cent, according to the Hundred Rolls; in Bedfordshire, villein rent accounts for 61 per cent of the total, and the corresponding figure was 76 per cent in Buckinghamshire. The transformation of labor rent into money rent required the peasants to sell their harvest in the market, thus it helped peasants to expand their market involvement and to save some properties. Some of the serfs were able to buy partial or even complete freedom with the money they got from the market. And the manorial system itself had inner problems. â€Å"Manorial production had long been a dubious form of production† since â€Å"the yield from this type of production was so poor that even a slight change in the circumstances which surrounded it would wholly alter its method. (14) And here, the Black Death to some extent acted as the â€Å"slight† change that accelerated the process of collapse. So, as we can see, the decline of serfdom and manorial system had already begun before the Black Death, and though the Black Death wasn’t the original cause of the erosion of serfdom, it did accelerate the process as a big turning point. â€Å"The manorial system is broken up from within; but the process was accelerated under the influence of a factor exogenous to society—that is, the Black Death and its demographic consequences. (15) After the plague, the western European world changed greatly. In 15th century, servile obligations disappeared in many areas; in some regions in Italy and France appeared another system. In this system, lords were responsible to supply seeds and tools in addition to lands to the peasants; the products were allocated to lords and peasants at a prearranged proportion, regardless of the gross harvest amount; the peasants were free of any servile obligations. And in 16th century, serfdom was replaced by a new type of contract in most areas in Western Europe. According to this contract, peasants had access to the land while lords own the lands; after paying a certain amount of rent, peasants were free to sell the rest of the harvest in market; peasants were also free to leave the land, and lord had no right to force them back; peasants also had the right to allocate and dispose their properties. (16) However, this wasn’t the end of the story. The Black Death somehow led to a reappearance of serfdom in Eastern Europe. In order to increase their benefits, lords in Eastern Europe needed cheap labor whose freedoms they could restrict. So after the Black Death, the lords tried harder to force the peasants to stay in their lands, and increased their servile labor. In addition, as local monarchs were weak in Eastern Europe, it was even more difficult for peasants to escape from their lords without the support of monarchs. The Black Death also, to some extent, promoted a restructure of the economy in the Middle Ages. In a new economic environment when the prices of most products sky-rocked while the price of grain decreased, it could be costly for those lords who only produced grain. With the intention to earn more profit, many lords and peasants began to diversify their products and planted more commercial crops. For example, many cultivators began to cultivate saffron, a commercial crop with high value, in the mid-fifteen century in Cambridge shire in England. (17) As living standards improved, the demand for products such as wine, sugar and fruits also increased, so did the productivity of these crops. Productivity of some crops related to textile, one of the most developed industries in medieval Europe, also increased. And as the price of wool increased with a growing demand for it, combined with the scarcity of labor and the fact that sheep required little labor, many areas in Europe, such as Central Italy, the Roman Campagna, the Castiles and England, witnessed an â€Å"extraordinary development in one form of pasture-farming, that of sheep-rearing†. (18) Thus, in conclusion, rarely in history did a single epidemic ever so greatly impact an entire population and society across a continent as the Black Death did. It was a living hell for European people at that time, not only because of the high mortality rate but also the turbulence it created in the entire human society. But in the long-term, it accelerated the process of European agricultural transformation, and thus its long-term effects included the liberation of labor after the Black Death which helped the European economy to develop further.

Lizanne de Beer, 2014120162 Essays - Archaeplastida, Tshepo, Coconut

Lizanne de Beer, 2014120162 ENGL 3728 Dr Philip Aghoghovwia / Ms Manuela Lovisa 21 August 2017 COCONUT RESPONSE PAPER Coconut , written by Kopano Matlwa , sets up a double narrative of two black girls, Fikile and Ofilwe , growing up in post-apartheid South Africa, and narrativises each girl's struggle to define her own identity in a space where culture is conflated to signify class position. Matlwa's story depict how young black women negotiate the ways in which their home cultures mix with the increasingly globalized and media-saturated reality they see around them. Education is a component of this as well and schools are the setting for much of the girls' interactions with different cultures, while simultaneously being depicted as racially problematic institutions in the novel. Education is seen not only as a status marker in the novel, but as an escape from troubled home-lives. Coconut 's structure mirrors Stuart Hall's concept of differences in cultural identity as the unstable points of identification which are made, within the discourses of history and culture (Hall, 2011: 226). Hall's concept of identity illuminates the reading of Matlwa's text which is not simply a narrative of black and white or occurring in one fixed time and space. Rather, it stages the identities of these young girls in an intensely diverse South Africa and the complexities and hindrances they face in their search for themselves. Matlwa's investigation of the issues of black identity in post-Apartheid South Africa is focalised through the two accounts of Ofilwe and Fikile , which run parallel to each other and at times intersect. The novel's title derives from a derogatory term used to refer to a person who is black on the outside but white' on the inside. This white on the inside refers to many cultural markers of identity, particularly language. Lynda Spencer elaborates that "the term coconut' refers to one who speaks English most of the time, choosing it over an African language, or who is unable to speak an African language, and who is considered to act white." (67). Matlwa uses dual protagonists and narrators to examine the cultural identity of contemporary Black South African women. In order to showcase the identities of the protagonists, Matlwa details intricate cultural landscapes for the characters. The construction of the novel is peculiar since it is not chronological a nd has a break in the middle where a different story is told with a different narrator. What makes the term coconut' so particularly cutting is that its use is also drawn along racial lines but it loses some of its potency when used by someone white. The remark is most cutting coming from another black person because it represents an attack on the authenticity of blackness'. The generation who made it through the struggle is now suddenly drawing lines in the sand. Black identity in South Africa cannot escape the political and social past and yet comments like these seek to trivialize the sacrifices and strife of those who prospered so astoundingly after 1994 and moved from the rural townships to the suburbs. Intriguingly, the role of education is also complicated through its sometimes negative effects on the characters in the novel. Both the girls and their families have a complex relationship to education, Ofilwe's mother is judged and ridiculed by the family for not having completed high school while Ofilwes rebellious brother, Tshepo , an accomplished high school student, is urged by his father to study actuarial sciences rather than African literature. Tshepo himself realises that the status accorded to a prestigious education is illusory ( Matlwa , 2007: 80). Language is a divisive subject for the Tlou family. Education is more than a status marker for the Tlous ; it is not only about which schools are attended but, in the case of university education, what subjects should be studied. It is interesting that there is a very singular goal of education in the views of the adult characters. Education is seen as a necessary tool for advancement and procur ing a suitable career that will facilitate a spouse and children. Tshepo is the most politically conscious and self-aware character we come across in this novel: " Tshepo reckons that

Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures

Auroch Prehistoric Mammal Facts and Figures Name: Auroch (German for original ox); pronounced OR-ock Habitat: Plains of Eurasia and northern Africa Historical Epoch: Pleistocene-Modern (2 million-500 years ago) Size and Weight: About six feet high and one ton Diet: Grass Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; prominent horns; larger males than females About the Auroch Sometimes it seems that every contemporary animal had a plus-sized megafauna ancestor during the Pleistocene epoch. A good example is the Auroch, which was pretty much identical to modern oxen with the exception of its size: this dino-cow weighed about a ton, and one imagines that the males of the species were significantly more aggressive than modern bulls. (Technically, the Auroch is classified as Bos primigenius, placing it under the same genus umbrella as modern cattle, to which its directly ancestral.) The Auroch is one of the few prehistoric animals to be commemorated in ancient cave paintings, including a famous drawing from Lascaux in France dating to about 17,000 years ago. As you might expect, this mighty beast figured on the dinner menu of early humans, who played a large part in driving the Auroch into extinction (when they werent domesticating it, thus creating the line that led to modern cows). However, small, dwindling populations of Aurochs survived well into modern times, the last known individual dying in 1627. One little-known fact about the Auroch is that it actually comprised three separate subspecies. The most famous, Bos primigenius primigenius, was native to Eurasia, and is the animal depicted in the Lascaux cave paintings. The Indian Auroch, Bos primigenius namadicus, was domesticated a few thousand years ago into what are now known as Zebu cattle, and the North African Auroch (Bos primigenius africanus) is the most obscure of the three, likely descended from a population native to the Middle East. One historical description of the Auroch was written by, of all people, Julius Caesar, in his History of the Gallic War: These are a little below the elephant in size, and of the appearance, color, and shape of a bull. Their strength and speed are extraordinary; they spare neither man nor wild beast which they have espied. These the Germans take with much pains in pits and kill them. The young men harden themselves with this exercise and practice themselves in this sort of hunting, and those who have slain the greatest number of them, having produced the horns in public, to serve as evidence, receive great praise. Back in the 1920s, a pair of German zoo directors hatched a scheme to resurrect the Auroch via the selective breeding of modern cattle (which share virtually the same genetic material as Bos primigenius, albeit with some important traits suppressed). The result was a breed of oversized oxen known as Heck cattle, which, if not technically Aurochs, at least provide a clue to what these ancient beasts must have looked like. Still, hopes for the resurrection of the Auroch persist, via a proposed process called de-extinction.

Case Studies 2 and 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Studies 2 and 3 - Essay Example Applying the top down model to the issue, the major requirement is identified as providing shared access to all the employees to the resources in the company. This can then be broken down further into smaller requirements based on the issues faced by the employees (Goldman & Rawles, 2004). These requirements are listed below: The requirements identified are each broken further to simpler ones to arrive at the solution. The solution is to connect all the computers to one another and also to the Internet. In addition, provide the architects with access to files in the network. 1. Software: In order to form a network within the office, the Operating System should support the facility. Hence the current Windows 98 has to be upgraded to Windows 2000 Professional version as it is LAN (Local Area Network) ready. A Windows Server 2000 OS is installed in order to facilitate sharing files in a common server. 2. Internet Access: The current Dial – Up connection will not facilitate multiple connections at the same time. Hence it is replaced with an ADSL connection (which requires an access router and a DSL modem). 3. Printer Access: The Laser Printer needs to be attached to the Ethernet, so that any of the employees connected to the network can print the files (this is facilitated by the Windows Server 2000 OS). It is evident that the solution implemented by Lane Communications is a success, as the number of design contracts have increased. The main reason for this success is the increase in productivity of the employees. The architects and the layout artist can access the Internet at the same time reducing the idle time (when they had to wait for their turn earlier). File sharing and printing are also improved as the employees need not waste their time in storing in disks and transferring them twice. This will reduce the work load on administrative assistant who

OPERATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICE WEEK COURSE WORK Assignment

OPERATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICE WEEK COURSE WORK - Assignment Example ccording to the Office for National Statistics, Bedford Borough Council has a population of about 160,000 as at the year 2012 with about 65,500 households, which include 28.5% who are non-White British. The unemployment rate stands at 3.0 % or a number of about 3100 as at December 2013. In terms of the well-being and the health of the citizens of Bedford, the determinants of health is divided into different determinants such as starting well, developing well, living and working well, ageing well as well as population and place. This project work will look at different demographic that concern the improvement of Bedford Borough Council’s healthcare system and how it affects the general welfare of the community as a whole (Bedford Borough Council, 2014). It agrees now that health plays an important role in determining the well-being of individuals especially those with little or no means of earning. At Bedford, the number of people seeking out of work benefits currently stand at about eleven thousand which represents 10.5% of the working age population (Bisen & Srivastava, 2009).  There are also concerns that the healthcare benefits and services do not reach the most deserve or vulnerable members of the Bedford community especially those with caring responsibilities, illnesses that limit work as well as persons living with disability. Bedford Borough Council also has structural and institutional problems that prevent or hinder the promotion and provision of quality healthcare services to the citizens Bedford Borough Council, 2014). It is important that before any investment is made in the healthcare of Bedford Borough Council is made a robust and viable business case is made that outlines the costs, benefits and risks related to the provision of healthcare, and makes the case for investment in it. The level of detail required for the business case depends on the magnitude of investment required and the local organization policies regarding business cases, which

Understanding Young Children Essay Example for Free

Understanding Young Children Essay Describe the features / principles / characteristics a teacher should consider in her / his role of designing a high-quality early childhood environment and materials selection? How a classroom design / set-up can influence children’s growth, behaviors, and learning? Why a â€Å"learning centers approach† to classroom design is a professionally defined best practice for teachers of early learners? Understanding Young Children Teachers need to understand the nature and characteristics of the learners in order to devise learning materials and strategies appropriate to the learners’ abilities and interest (Krogh and Slentz 11). In order to realize this, teachers must have a solid grasp on the universal principles underpinning the cognitive, social, physical, and emotional development of the young learners. As well, teachers should possess consciousness on the roles of the values, culture and history of family and community in the development and learning of every child. Nevertheless, teachers should be aware on the behavioral characteristics of the learners in the classroom. With the teacher’s consciousness in all these areas, he or she can formulate effective and efficient plans to assess children’s progress and their involvement in meaningful learning experiences. Promoting Child Development and Learning With the teacher’s good understanding on the nature and characteristics on his or her learners, he or she can physically, socially, and emotionally structure the learning environment in order to support children’s learning and development (Krogh and Slentz 11). In connection to this, teachers should appreciate the significance of play in the different aspects of the learners’ development. They should integrate play in the learning activities of children and explain its importance to colleagues, administrators, and parents. In addition, teachers should promote physical growth and health by providing health and hygiene education, employing fine-and-gross motor activities, and encouraging movement and rest. On the other hand, teachers should inculcate the value of rules, group learning, and behavioral expectations in order to foster social development (Krogh and Slentz 12). They should also encourage persistence, risk taking and independence among the learners so as to promote self-respect and emotional development. As well, teachers should plan for language learning activities, both oral and written, in order to support language acquisition. Nonetheless, teachers should provide adequate opportunities and resources in arousing children’s curiosity and persistence while engaging with peers in risk taking. Knowledge on the Integrated Curriculum Curriculum integration involves crossing different academic disciplines in the design of learning activities which are meaningful, interesting, and relevant to children learning style and development (Krogh and Slentz 12). This multidisciplinary approach requires intensive organization of themes, topics, or concepts from mathematics, language, science, visual and performing arts, and social studies for a learning project. Topics from each core subjects will be drawn and interrelated to produce a single subject matter in such a way that upon presentation, learners would experience some sort of difficulties in sorting out what academic subject is being presented (Krogh and Slentz 12). Yet, teacher should keep in mind that each discipline has its own concepts, integrity, and major ideas which needed to smoothly be incorporated for the multidisciplinary learning project. Multiple Teaching strategies for Meaningful learning As mentioned earlier, teachers must have a solid grasp on the learners’ growth and development, their interest and abilities, as well as the cultural and social influences which directly shape the learning of the child. This intricate requirement denotes the complexity of an effective and efficient teaching. Teachers then must facilitate discussions, observe, ask questions, listen, properly intervene in every leaner activity, and carefully design and adapt learning materials to the learners’ needs, interests, and abilities. For the effective implementation of every learning activity, teachers need to create the physical environment along with the learning materials conducive to learning. For instance, in learning beyond the typical range like a new language, environmental and curricular rearrangement is needed which may also necessitate the assistance from the family or from the immediate caregiver of the child (Krogh and Slentz 12). Assessment and Reflective Practice Teachers need to evaluate the efficacy on their employed strategy in every subject matter presentation. They need to observe the effect of such in the learners’ social behavior and cognitive attributes. In relation to this, teachers should utilize various assessment tools in evaluating instruction and learning. This may include standardized instrument, anecdotal records, observations, listening, and appropriate questions (Krogh and Slentz 12). Meanwhile, teachers should also reflect on the assessed outcome on their instruction. They must re-examine their subject matter presentation against their bases of decisions, possible biases, and social and cultural considerations (Krogh and Slentz 12). In addition, they must always be opened to innovation and self-renewal through continuous learning. As such, teachers must seek means to attain professional advancement and keep abreast with the current theories and practices of effective teaching. Classroom Structure and Learning Learning environment can directly influence the learning of an individual (Tomlinson, Stronge, and Cunningham-Eidson 11). Childhood years are period of growth and development where every individual is still learning to control his or her behavior and practice environmental adaptation. Children are sensitive to environmental factors which directly affect their physical conditions (Tomlinson, Stronge, and Cunningham-Eidson 11). Thus, their attention to learning and participation to learning activities are also affected. Therefore, teacher should ensure that the classroom atmosphere, from lighting and ventilation to physical setting and audio-visual ambiance, is conducive to learning. Learning Centers Approach Learning Centers are natural approach in providing meaningful learning experiences to young learners (Diffily, Donaldson, and Sassman 5). Since children are curious and fond of interactions, the design of learning centers is aligned with their developmental attributes in order to create an organized and systematic learning environment. The learning materials in the centers like concrete objects and models are carefully chosen and constructed for children’s manipulation and learning at their respective pace and developmental level. In addition, by working and interactions in a small group, the young learners can learn not only the use of learning materials but also the sense of team work and socialization. Thus, the sense of responsibility and cooperation will eventually develop among the learners. Moreover, each learning center such as Art center, Science center, Mathematics center, Listening center, Dramatic-play center, Reading center, Music center and Writing Center, caters for the specific intelligences on the learners. Hence, these learning centers develop and enrich the holistic capability and potentiality of children. Define How and Describe the Importance –A teacher’s knowledge of growth and developmental principles developmental characteristics is connected to the major teacher roles: Child Development Specialist; Foster of Children’s Early Learning; Designer of an Appropriate Learning Environment; Curriculum Designer; Documenter. Education should provide for the inculcation of fundamental skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, mastery of information, and development of traits. However, to be functional, instructions should include all-round guidance of the learner in fitting him or her for the successful participation in all phases of his present and future relationships (Tomlinson 31). Hence, every teacher should possess intensive understanding of the underlying principles of the child’s being. In such way, the teachers can easily guide children in the discovery and utilization of their respective capacity and potentiality for the attainment of desirable growth and development. In particular, teachers must understand the children’s predictable sequence of growth and development so as to create a learning environment which supports the â€Å"age appropriate† education needs of the young learners. Also, since growth and development uniquely occurs among every child, the teacher should ensure the â€Å"individual appropriateness† of every learning activity. As the theory of Jean Piaget suggests, teachers should promote a unique-child centered learning experiences in order to develop the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social well-being of every child. Moreover, the works of Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of language in socio-cultural and cognitive learning. Vygotsky suggested that through â€Å"scaffolding,† the learning of every individual can be accelerated. This can be done as by employing group works and interactions among the learners. As a child seeks assistance form the others who have similar zone of proximal development, the child’s learning can be facilitated. Further, if education is growth, teachers must not only prepare children for school life, but also provide opportunities for life experiences inside the classroom. In connection to this, it is important that every child should be given the opportunity to participate in each learning activity which will provide appropriate challenge to his or her abilities. By keeping these in mind, he teacher can serve as an effective designer of curriculum and learning environment. Moreover, the knowledge on the growth and development of every child facilitates the teacher’s understanding of the learners’ social behavior (Tomlinson 32). Due to individual differences and social and cultural background of the young learners, it is impossible for a teacher to set up a pre-conceived standard or model in understanding the nature of every child. It is rather advisable to understand the child’s behavior in terms of what the child is along with his or her family background. In doing so, the teacher can accurately document the academic progress of the child in relation to the child’s social and cultural background. Works Cited Diffily, Deborah, Donaldson, Elizabeth, and Sassman, Charlotte. The Scholastic Book of Early Childhood Learning Centers: Complete How-tos, Management Tips, Photos, and Activities for Delightful Learning Centers that Teach Early Reading, Writing, Math More. New York: Scholastic, 2001. Krogh, Suzanne and Slentz, Kristine. Early Childhood Education: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum Associates, 2001. Tomlinson, Carol A. The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of all Learners. Carolina: ASCD, 1999. Tomlinson, Carol A. , Stronge, James, H. , and Cunningham-Eidson, Caroline. Differentiation in Practice: A Resource Guide for Differentiating Curriculum. Carolina: ASCD, 2003.

iceman - preservation Essay -- essays research papers fc

1. Explain why the iceman was so well preserved? ( source one) It is said that a frozen body will stay preserved over hundreds, even thousand of years. During the first stage of investigations Austrian archaeologist Konrad Spindler researched the layout which had proved that the iceman’s body position and placement of weapons were preserved in the same position from when the Iceman had died, it had also been proved that the body was initially covered in a thin layer of snow which had helped complete the freeze drying process before it turned into ice. The body had been so well preserved because of the depth that the Iceman was actually lying in the ground, which was near the watershed (watershed meaning a line of high land where streams on one side flow into one river or sea and streams on the other side flow into another.) This meant that a glacier would be able to develop above him throughout the next millennia without moving his position down hill. In this position he was able to remain buried, frozen, covered and protected by the cold over a period of 5,300 years as the worlds oldest, best preserved natural mummy. 2a) What purpose do you think the tattoo served? (Source 2) Scientists believe that the Iceman’s tattoo’s were first applied in 3,200 BC, the first evidence of acupuncture. Based on this information I believe that this ‘cruciform tattoo’ was marked on the iceman’s body in order to serve as a medical and therapeutic purpose, as it was discovered that he suffered from Acute Arthritis, Worms and Diarrhoea. Dr Frank Bahr (President of the German Academy for Acupuncture) who studies the trends and patterns of the iceman’s tattoos, believes that the cruciform, meaning cross-shape, tattoo and a master point tattoo on his back were applied in order to treat rheumatism. Bahr says â€Å""These points would still be selected by the best acupuncturists today." "It is the most common combination for treating rheumatic illness." Bahr also discovered 15 other smaller groups of tattoos marked on the Iceman’s back and legs which form an ancient acupuncture chart developed in central Europe, 2000 years before china. Bahr states â€Å"I was amazed , 80% of the points correspond to those used in Acupuncture today.† 2b) How does this influence previous historical concept of body art? Body art is one of the oldest forms of creative expression ... ...le to be Bias as there is no variety from where and who the opinions come from, they are one sided views which no one has attempted to prove or disprove in this particular article. 3c) Who is the main audience or who is source 10 aimed at? Source 10 is mainly aimed at an audience of an older mature group both male and female who particularly take an interest in science and history as the article has been printed in â€Å"Science Today† . Bibliography Konarad Spindler (1995) The Man In The Ice, Orion Books, London Chapter 13 Page 69-71 Chapter 15 Page 77-81 Chapter 17 Page 80-83 Toni Hurley, Philippa Medcalf, Jan Rolph (2000) Antiquity 1 Second Edition, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne Victoria, Australia Chapter 1 Page 5 Chapter 10 Page 103, 104, 113 Scott Fetzer (1991) The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc, Chicago London Sydney Toronto Reference - B number 2 page 648 Left page right column. http://www.mummytombs.com/mummylocator/featured/otzi.htm Last updated 2000 http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/iceman/iceman.html Last updated 2005 http://www.fashion-era.com/jewellery.htm Last updated 1999 http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/clothing2.html Last updated 2003

Black English

â€Å"Pink is No Longer the New Black† Jonathan Swift said, â€Å"Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style† What is the true definition of style? When one is asked, one may say it is what you wear. In other circumstances, style may be referred to music, or film and television. Style is also literature and linguistics. Throughout the generations, style has been altered; Cut trimmed and filed down until the original style is far away in the crevices of your mind. Fashion has erupted from something that was once soft and elegant, to now being loud, flashy, and revealing.Language has become something different entirely. In today’s language, â€Å"Black English† is present in our everyday lives. There are various reasons why we speak a certain way. In today’s world, we are always searching for easier ways to do things, we are constantly trying to fit in and do what everyone else is doing, and no matter what, we always do what we ar e surrounded with. The world is forever changing. We are always searching for ways to make everyday tasks easier. People used to walk everywhere, so the bike was invented.Riding a bike everywhere was difficult, so the car was invented. Technology is also forever changing to make things easier. From typewriters, to laptops and ipads, phones so you don’t even need a computer anymore. It is forever changing, but as the language changes with it, it does not mean that it is a good thing. â€Å"Black English† seems lazy in a way. The way people used to talk was thick and luscious. Now, â€Å"black English† has made words short and choppy. Instead of saying, â€Å"I am not going to do anything† many people say â€Å"I ain’t gonna do nothin. It is easier to say, but it does not necessarily mean that it sounds intelligent. Society makes us feel like in order to fit in, we have to look and act like everyone else. If an actor starts to dress a certain way, t hen everyone else wants to look like that actor too. The same goes with language. If a music artist starts to talk and say words a certain way in a song, it starts to catch on. Then a chain starts to form. If one person begins to talk and hang around a group of people who are speaking â€Å"Black English† then that person will begin to speak like them as well.In a world where society is in charge, fitting in is the only way. Psychologists say that we do what our parents do. Technically we â€Å"become† our parents as we grow up. If our parents are racist, then we too will be racist. If you grow up in the South and your parents have a western accent, then you will have that accent as well. As a child, if your parents use â€Å"Black English† then you will too because it is all you have ever known. â€Å"Black English† is in our everyday lives, and if you surround yourself with the language then you will start speaking that way too.Although â€Å"Black Eng lish† is present everywhere we go, it does not necessarily mean it is a good thing. In most cases it can make you sound uneducated and there are specific times when you should, and should not use it. In your home, or with friends is one thing, but in writing an essay for example, you should avoid it at all costs. The world is forever changing, language especially. The language style changes all the time. People are constantly making up new words and adding new meanings to the words that are not as commonly used. In the literary world, â€Å"Black English† has become the â€Å"new black. †

How Does Shakespeare Present Love and Marriage in ÂMuch...

Through rich imagery and a comic context Shakespeare uses characters to explore his ideas about love and marriage, using relationships to show the trials of love. In his play Shakespeare makes Beatrice and Benedick the critics of love and through them the modern audience is shown how Elizabethan society maltreats the female role and how the male code of honour and pride can lead to devastation. Shakespeare portrays Claudio and Hero as a pair of conventional lovers who go through an unadventurous and predictive courtship. Through this relationship he shows the modern audience how women were largely dominated by men. As Claudio metaphorically asks, ‘can the world buy such a jewel Hero is portrayed as an object and someone to possess and†¦show more content†¦In Kenneth Branaghs film he emphasises the animal imagery by making Benedick cry out indignantly like a bird because of what the men are saying. The symmetry in language is also echoed in the way that Beatrice and Benedick decide to dedicate themselves to each other as a result of this guiling, ‘Love me? Why it must be requitedÂ…I will be horribly in love with her. The result of the tricking scene and the way that they are so easily duped creates humour because they now seem desperately in love with each other Benedick love on. I will requite thee. As a modern audience we feel satisfied at this union. Kenneth Branagh creates unity between Beatrice and Benedick with a montage. When Benedick is in the fountain splashing and laughing and Beatrice is on the swing smiling. These scenes make the audience smile and anticipate the positive ending. In this play Shakespeare presents love sickness literally. Both Beatrice and Benedick have either ‘toothache or are ‘exceeding ill. As well as the change in health Shakespeare presents a transformation in language and appearance as the side effects of love. They say that Benedick ‘rubs himself with chivet, he has shaved, washed himself and put make-up on, ‘when was he wont to paint himself. Shakespeare shows the complete change that love brings upon Beatrice by changing her prose into alternately rhyming lines of iambic pentameter in her soliloquy. Shakespeare writes thatShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing And King Lear3685 Words   |  15 PagesName: Instructors’ Name: Course: Date: Analysis of Shakespeare’s powerful female characters in the play â€Å"Much Ado about Nothing† and â€Å"King Lear Introduction Shakespeare is seen to value the role of women as his plays often portray women as heroines. These women have strong characters that endear them to readers. Readers in our current world, and especially women, are encouraged to be self-assertive in demand for equal treatment in our society. This has been the tradition for women in the Western